Psychology 265
The Psychology of Men
Department of Psychology
Clark University
Spring 2003
Tuesdays 1:15-3:55
JC201
Instructor: Michael Addis, Ph.D. Office Hours: Wed. 1:30-2:30
Office: 314 Jonas Clark Thu: 9:00-10:00
Phone: 793-7266
Email: maddis@clarku.edu
Course Objectives:
Only recently have the behavior and experience of men, as men, come to the foreground in the social sciences, particularly in psychology. Prior to the critical advances of feminist scholars, what was “male” was typically considered normative. People rarely stopped to think about men's behavior as a function of biological, social, cultural, and interpersonal aspects of "masculinity."
If I had to state one objective for this course it would be this: I would like the course to “problematize” masculinity for you. In other words, I want you both notice what’s taken for granted about the nature of men, and what aspects of masculinity might not be so obvious, and to use this knowledge in your educational and personal life. For example, what do we mean when we use the terms "masculinity," or "masculine" in everyday life, or in psychology? In what ways is men's and women's behavior influenced by social and cultural definitions of what it means to be a man? What role do biological factors play? How are men’s experiences shaped by power relations between men and women, power relations between men and other men, or a man’s early attachment to and separation from his caregivers? Is the study of the psychology of men and masculinity necessarily about sex differences between men and women?
I expect you to complete the readings for class, and to think carefully and critically about them. The course will be a discussion format and will not succeed unless you are familiar with and ready to discuss the materials. As you read, prepare yourself to discuss the following questions:
1. What are the authors’ main goals in this paper? What are they trying to accomplish?
2. What theoretical perspectives are the authors putting forth? What sorts of assumptions are the authors making about the determinants of behavior in general?
3. In what ways are these assumptions similar to or different from other perspectives?
4. What sorts of support (e.g. rational argument, empirical observation, qualitative impression, political agenda) do the authors provide for their positions?
Each student is expected to participate actively in each class. If I think a student is not prepared, I feel comfortable calling on people and asking pointed questions. In addition to completing the readings, and participating in discussions, each student will have the following responsibilities:
a) prepare to lead discussion of the readings for 1-2 classes (described below)
b) complete a scholarly critique of a popular or self-help book (described below)
c) complete an interpretive paper focused on the biography of a famous man (described below)
d) complete 5 short (1 page) “interpretive example” papers (described below).
Grades are based on an equal weighting of the 5 requirements with each being worth 20 points. Ninety % = A, 80% = B, etc.
Readings:
Levant, R.F., & Pollack, W.S. (1995). A New Psychology of Men. New York. Basic
Books. This book is out of print, but the relevant chapters will either be in your packet of readings, or on reserve at the library.
Cohen, T.F. (2001). Men and Masculinity: A Text Reader. California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.
A packet of additional readings should be purchased at Curry Printing.
Course Schedule:
1/14 Course Overview
Introductions
Review of Syllabus, assignment of presenters
Discussion
Excerpt from the film, "Glengarry, Glenross"
1/21 Introduction to the Psychology of Men and Masculinity
Presenters: _____________________________________
Levant & Pollack: Introduction
Edley, N., & Wetherell, M. (1995). Men In Perspective. Introduction: Putting Men in Perspective. London: Prentice Hall
Cohen: Chapter 1, pages 1-8; Reading 3
1/28 Social Learning Perspectives: Presenters: _____________________________________
Lippa, R.A. (2001). Gender, Nature, and Nurture. Chapter 5: The Case for Nature. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Levant & Pollack: Chapter 6
Pleck, J.H., Sonenstein, F.l., & Ku, L.C. (1993). Masculinity ideology and its correlates. In McVicker, B.C., & Norem, J.K. (Eds.). The Gender and Psychology Reader. Pages 308-326. New York: New York University Press.
2/4 Psychodynamic Perspectives: Presenters: _____________________________________
**
Interpretive Example Due
Edley, N., & Wetherell, M. (1995). Men In Perspective. Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis and the emotional life of men. London: Prentice Hall.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1999). Darwinism and the roots of machismo. Scientific American, Quarterly, 9-14. * This reading will be handed out prior to class.
Lippa, R.A. (2001). Gender, Nature, and Nurture. Chapter 4: The Case for Nature. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Edley, N., & Wetherell, M. (1995). Men In Perspective. Chapter 4: Masculinity and Social Relations. Pages 120-130. London: Prentice Hall.
Johnson, A.G. (1997). The Gender Knot: Unraveling Our Patriarchal Legacy, Chapters 3,4
Kaufman, M. (1994). Men, feminism, and men’s contradictory experiences of power. In Brod, H., & Kaufman, M. (eds.) Theorizing Masculinities. pp. 142-163. California. Sage.
2/25 Social
Constructionist Perspectives: Presenters:_____________________________________
West, C. & Zimmerman, D.H. (1987).
Doing gender. Gender
& Society, 1, 125-151.
Bohan,
J.S. (1997). Regarding gender: Essentialism, constructionism, and feminist
psychology. In Gergen, M.M., &
Davis, S.N. (Eds.). Toward a New Psychology of Gender: A Reader.
Pages 31-48. New York:
Routledge
Cameron,
D. (1997). Performing gender identity: Young men's talk and the construction of
heterosexual masculinity. In
Johnson, S., & Meinhof, U.H. (Eds.). Language and Masculinity.
Pages 47-64. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
**
Interpretive Example Due
3/4 Holiday (Semester Break)
3/11 Race,
Ethnicity, and Social Class in Men’s Experience:
Presenters:__________________________________
** First Paper Due
**
Interpretive Example Due
Abreu, J., Goodyear, R.K., Campos, A., & Newcomb, M.D. (2000). Ethnic belonging and traditional masculinity ideology among african americans, european americans, and latinos. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 1, 75-86.
Dyson, M. (2000).
The plight of black men. In
Andersen, M.L., & Collins, P.H. (eds.).
Race
Class and
Gender: An Anthology (4th ed.).
pp. 146-155. Australia. Wadsworth.
Gilmore, D.D. (1990). Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity. Ch. 9. Exceptions: Tahiti and Semai. pp. 201-219. New Haven. Yale University Press.
Levant & Pollack Chapter 11.
3/18 Friendship:
Presenters: ___________________________________________
Cohen:
Readings 11, 12, 13
Franklin,
C.W. (1992). "Hey home - yo
bro": Friendship among black men. In
Nardi, P.M. (Ed.). Men's Friendships.
Pages 201-214. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3/25 Intimate
Relationships and the Family:
Presenters: __________________________________________
Lamb, M.E. (1997). The development of father-infant relationships. In Lamb, M.E. (Ed.). The Role of the Father in Child Development: 3rd edition. Pages 104-120. New York: Wiley.
Cohen: Reading 20
Levant & Pollack Chapter 3, Chapter 12.
4/1
Men at Work: Presenters:__________________________________
** Interpretive Example Due
Cohen: Chapter 5; pages 276-281.
Cohen: Readings 26, 27, 29, 30
4/8 Sports:
Presenters: ___________________________________________
White, P.G., Young, K., & McTeer, W.G. (1995). Sport, masculinity, and the injured body. In Sabo, D., & Gordon, D.F. (eds). Men’s Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body. Pp. 158-182. California. Sage.
Messner, M.A. (1992). Like family: Power, intimacy, and sexuality in males athlete’s friendships. In Nardi, P.M. (ed.). Men’s Friendships. pp. 215-237. California. Sage.
Pope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. Chapters 1-2. New York: The Free Press.
4/15 Mental &
Physical health: Presenters:______________________________
**
Interpretive Example Due
Levant & Pollack Chapter 7.
Hegleson, V. S. (1995). Masculinity, men’s roles, and coronary heart disease. In Sabo, D., & Gordon, D.F. (eds). Men’s Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body. Pp. 68-104 California. Sage.
Cochran, S.V., & Rabinowitz,
F.E. (2000). Men and Depression:
Clinical and Empirical
Perspectives. Ch. 3. Loss, trauma, grief, and masked depression in men. San Diego. Academic Press.
Cohen: Reading 34
4/22 Violence,
Power, Aggression: Presenters:__________________________________
** Second Paper Due
Levant & Pollack Chapter 10.
Note. Portions of this film will be viewed during class time. The presenters will need to also view it before class and be prepared to lead a discussion/analysis of the film based on any class readings that seem relevant.
A
Guide to Seminar Discussions
Prepared
by Michael Addis for Psychology 265: Men and Masculinity
What
is the discussion leader’s role?
A
discussion leader may take a number of different roles during a group
discussion. Most often, you’ll
move in and out of roles at different points depending on the material and the
group process. Typically, you’re
either:
a) initiating a discussion
b) facilitating an ongoing discussion
c) changing the direction of a discussion
This
may seem obvious, but it helps to keep the different roles in mind, and to
periodically ask yourself, "what am I hoping to accomplish at this point in
the discussion?"
What
are the leader’s goals?
Your
overarching goal is to help the group digest the material by leading them
through a focused exploration of the readings.
Notice that your goal is not to “teach” the material to the group.
This is why lecturing is not included in your role, although I may do
this periodically because I do consider it part of my role.
What structure should you follow?
1.
Try to devote an equal amount of time to each reading, although some readings
will be more interesting and provocative than others.
2.
For each reading, try to stick to the following structure:
a) Discuss the authors goals.
What are they hoping to understand, to argue, to persuade us of, to
study?
b) Discuss the author's main points if it's a
conceptual paper, or the rationale-method-results-interpretation if it's an
empirical paper.
c) Discuss the validity of the conclusions given the
argument or data the author provides.
d) Discuss the relationship between the current
reading and other readings from this or previous weeks.
e) Discuss the link between the reading and the
"real world." How does it
clarify or obscure what we see in our daily lives?
* Notice that "a" and "b" above
are focused on understanding the piece from the authors' perspectives, while the
remaining areas are more interpretive or critical.
Some
process tips:
When
the goal is maintaining discussion of a particular idea, ask:
Where are we at this point?
What have we established? What
is still unclear?
When
the goal is clarifying/summarizing an issue, ask:
What have we said so far? Can someone clarify what is meant by…?
When
you’re afraid you’ll look stupid because you don’t understand what
somebody said, say:
I don’t understand what you just said – could you
say it another way or give me an example?
Try
to avoid very broad or vague questions such as, "what did you all think of
this reading?"
Instead, ask more pointed questions such as,
"What was Johnson trying to argue in this chapter,"
or, "How valid do you think Helgeson's research method is for
studying this issue?"
The
group’s role is to help each other critically explore the reading and its
implications. Think of it like
this: The group is a team of
archeologists digging for artifacts on a new large excavation site.
Group members have their own shovels and their own spots, but the team as
a whole has the job of discovering what sort of culture existed on this site.
The group leaders are like site chiefs; their job is to monitor where the
group as a whole is digging and what it’s finding.
Periodically, they also suggest new places to dig, though they don’t
take over digging for the group. Of
course, a successful site chief has spent considerable time preparing to guide
the group by surveying the cite and thinking critically about what may be found
and what it might mean.
Each
group member is also responsible for monitoring how the discussion is going.
Good discussions have movement towards resolving, clarifying, or
problematizing an issue. Thus, if
each member monitors what’s being said, certain sorts of comments naturally
follow:
Clarifying
(“I’m not sure what you mean by…could you give me an example of…how is
that different from…” and so on)
Debating
(“we seem to be suggesting that…but another way to look at it is…which has
the advantages of…”)
Problematizing
(“we seem to be taking for granted that…but are there other assumptions we
could make and would they lead to different conclusions?”)
Observing
(“we seem to be stuck on the idea that…is there anything more to be said
about it?”)
Writing
Assignments
*For
all writing assignments, you will need to integrate the course readings into
your interpretation of the relevant material.
The goal is to apply the theories and research studies covered in class
to real-world examples.
This paper gives you an opportunity to think critically about popular notions of men and masculinity from the vantage point of the theories and research discussed in the class. Your task is to find a popular or self-help book on an aspect of men and masculinity and to read it critically. Be sure to answer the following questions: What are the assumptions made by the author? Which major theories of men and masculinity do they draw upon explicitly or implicitly? Which major theories or alternative perspectives do they leave out? What sorts of evidence (anecdotal, empirical, authors’ opinion or personal experience) is offered in support of the positions taken? How reliable and valid is this evidence? What sorts of additional evidence would be necessary to support or refute the author’s ideas?
The total length of the paper should be no more than 10 pages and no less than 7. You should have no more than one page summarizing the contents of the book. In other words, I want you to interpret what’s behind the book by providing evidence (e.g. short quotations, choice of topics, exclusion of topics, and so on) as necessary, rather than simply telling me what’s in the book. Please provide a copy of the book’s cover and table of contents just following your title page. You can find numerous books on men by searching amazon.com, bordersbooks.com, or going in person to Tatnuck Bookseller in Worcester, or Border’s books in Shrewsbury.
Here you have the opportunity to read about any male who interests you and interpret his life experiences according to the theories and perspectives addressed in class. Again, I’m interested not solely in the details of this person’s life, but rather in the meanings you attribute to the details given your understanding of theories of men and masculinity. Details (life events, quotations, specific experiences) should be offered as evidence in support of your interpretation. Make sure the book is an autobiography and not a biography. One of the interesting questions I’d like you to address is how the author constructs himself in the book with regard to masculinity issues. In what ways is his self-presentation gendered? This paper should be the same length as the previous one with the full citation to the autobiography and a copy of the book’s cover and table of contents.
This is a series of five one-page papers describing real-world examples of issues discussed in class. You can describe movies, television shows, news clips, song lyrics, web sites, things you overheard in a restaurant, virtually anything. The first paragraph should briefly describe the specifics of the example (who, what, where for a conversation you overheard, the lyrics themselves for a song, description of the movie or television show). The second paragraph should provide as penetrating an analysis as you can provide of how this example illustrates issues related to the psychology of men and masculinity. The best way to prepare for these papers is to “get your antennae up” as you go through each day. If you start thinking about gender, you will see it everywhere. Please hand in two copies of each example – one for me to give back to you and one for me to keep. If you’d rather me not keep any example, just let me know.